Gorges as Geomorphological Units

(An Analytical Study of Selected Valleys from Mounts Toni Baba and Kakazash Using Modern Geospatial Techniques)

Abstract

This study investigates gorges as geomorphological units within a selected area between Mounts Toni Baba and Kakazash in southeastern Sulaymaniyah Governorate, using quantitative morphometric analysis based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Digital Elevation Models (DEM). The research aims to analyze the morphological characteristics of gorges and to interpret their genesis and evolution in relation to geological, tectonic, and climatic factors. The study is based on the analysis of selected valley cross-sections and the application of key morphotectonic indices, including gorge depth, side slope gradient, cross-sectional shape ratio (V), and the valley floor width–to–height ratio (Vf), with the results directly correlated to field-observed gorge forms. The findings reveal clear spatial variations in morphometric properties between the upper, middle, and lower parts of the study area, closely linked to lithological contrasts between the Muqdadiya and Bai Hassan formations and to differences in stream energy. The results indicate that narrow, deeply incised V-shaped gorges correspond to low values of the shape and Vf indices, reflecting the dominance of vertical incision, whereas U-shaped and more open gorges are associated with higher index values, representing a more advanced stage of geomorphological maturity. The study concludes that gorge development in the area is the result of a complex interaction between structural control, lithological variability, and semi-arid climatic conditions, highlighting the effectiveness of geospatial techniques in providing high-resolution geomorphological interpretation.